Countries with the greatest proportion of Hindus: Demographically, Hinduism is the world's third largest religion, after Christianity and Islam. - Jul., 1957), pp. Rozšírenie. [95] These practices include community dancing, singing of Kirtans and Bhajans, with sound and music believed by some to have meditative and spiritual powers. Liberation from samsara through moksha is believed to ensure lasting happiness and peace. Väčšina z nich žije v Indii, menšie skupiny v Nepále, Pakistane, Bangladéši, Srí Lanke, v juhovýchodnej Ázii, v Kórei, ako aj v Európe (najmä v Spojenom kráľovstve), Afrike a Amerike.. Názov. Hindus use several prayers and group of words. This seeing divinity in everything, state Buttimer and Wallin, makes the Vedic foundations of Hinduism quite distinct from Animism. [168][169] The followers of Dvaita (dualistic) schools, in moksha state, identify individual "soul, self" as distinct from Brahman but infinitesimally close, and after attaining moksha expect to spend eternity in a loka (heaven). [214] Varying lists of avatars of Vishnu appear in Hindu scriptures, including the ten Dashavatara of the Garuda Purana and the twenty-two avatars in the Bhagavata Purana, though the latter adds that the incarnations of Vishnu are innumerable. Many Hindus say it goes against the true meaning of dharma. [313] In Swaminarayan temples and home shrines, aarti is offered to Swaminarayan, considered by followers to be supreme God. (Mbh 12.110.11). [94] The people of this sect are generally non-ascetic, monastic. 35, No. [111], Despite the differences, there is also a sense of unity. [16][17], Hindu practices include rituals such as puja (worship) and recitations, japa, meditation (dhyāna), family-oriented rites of passage, annual festivals, and occasional pilgrimages. :हिन्दू धर्म: Hindū Dharma, सनातन धर्म Sanātana Dharma, वैदिक धर्म Vaidika Dharma) isch die drittgööscht Religioo und zellt 900 Milioone Aahänger, wo Hindu gnennt werdet. \"Wüsse\") und s verbraitischti Buech isch d Bhagavadgita. Some state the concept of missionary conversion, either way, is anathema to the precepts of Hinduism. [77][78] Hindus regard Hinduism to be thousands of years old. "[292] Instead, as Klostermaier notes, in their application in Vedic rituals they become magical sounds, "means to an end. Hindus use many symbols and signs. The festivals typically celebrate events from Hinduism, connoting spiritual themes and celebrating aspects of human relationships such as the Sister-Brother bond over the Raksha Bandhan (or Bhai Dooj) festival. [75] From tribal Animism to Buddhism, everything was subsumed as part of Hinduism. [79][80], According to the editors of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Sanātana Dharma historically referred to the "eternal" duties religiously ordained in Hinduism, duties such as honesty, refraining from injuring living beings (ahiṃsā), purity, goodwill, mercy, patience, forbearance, self-restraint, generosity, and asceticism. [392][393] Hindu texts such as Śāṇḍilya Upanishad[394] and Svātmārāma[395][396] recommend Mitahara (eating in moderation) as one of the Yamas (virtuous self restraints). [4][5] Scholars regard Hinduism as a combination[6] of different Indian cultures and traditions,[7] with diverse roots. "[note 25] In the Brahmanical perspective, the sounds have their own meaning, mantras are considered as "primordial rhythms of creation", preceding the forms to which they refer. Einträge in der Kategorie „Hinduismus“ Folgende 182 Einträge sind in dieser Kategorie, von 182 insgesamt. It is sometimes referred to as henotheistic (i.e., involving devotion to a single god while accepting the existence of others), but any such term is an overgeneralization.[183][184]. B. The history of Hinduism is often divided into periods of development. Hinduism is the oldest religion in the world,[note 2] and Hindus refer to it as Sanātana Dharma, "the eternal tradition," or the "eternal way," beyond human history. [279] The Puranas, which started to be composed from c. 300 CE onward,[280] contain extensive mythologies, and are central in the distribution of common themes of Hinduism through vivid narratives. The term Hinduism, then spelled Hindooism, was introduced into the English language in the 18th-century to denote the religious, philosophical, and cultural traditions native to India.[38]. Shaktism is also associated with Tantra practices. They can rightly be said to have affected the greatest wave of change in Hindu prayer and ritual since ancient times. [79] They worship the Supreme Being variously as Vishnu, Brahma, Shiva, or Shakti, depending upon the sect. Some mobility and flexibility within the varṇas challenge allegations of social discrimination in the caste system, as has been pointed out by several sociologists,[365][366] although some other scholars disagree. [352] An alternative reason for Tirtha, for some Hindus, is to respect wishes or in memory of a beloved person after his or her death. [90] In India, the term dharma is preferred, which is broader than the Western term religion. The Hindus believe that this deepens the understanding of the eternal truths and further develops the tradition. Dazu zählen schätzungsweise 42.000–45.000 tamilische Hindus aus Sri Lanka, 35.000–40.000 Hindus indischer Herkunft, 7.500 Hindus deutscher oder anderer europäischer Herkunft und 5.000 afghanische Hindus. [424], Some Hindus choose to live a monastic life (Sannyāsa) in pursuit of liberation (moksha) or another form of spiritual perfection. [292] By reciting them the cosmos is regenerated, "by enlivening and nourishing the forms of creation at their base. [231] Bhakti sub-schools of Vedanta taught a creator God that is distinct from each human being. [web 7] However, adds Sanderson, this Shaiva ascetic tradition viewed themselves as being genuinely true to the Vedic tradition and "held unanimously that the Śruti and Smṛti of Brahmanism are universally and uniquely valid in their own sphere, [...] and that as such they [Vedas] are man's sole means of valid knowledge [...]". 41-48; Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Dharma and Moksha, Philosophy East and West, Vol. [425] A Hindu monk is called a Sanyāsī, Sādhu, or Swāmi. The Puranic chronology, the timeline of events in ancient Indian history as narrated in the Mahabaratha, the Ramayana, and the Puranas, envisions a chronology of events related to Hinduism starting well before 3000 BCE. (, Arvind Sharma (2002) also mentions the use of word, David Lorenzen (2006) also mentions other non-Persian texts such as. Contrary to popular belief, practiced Hinduism is neither polytheistic nor strictly monotheistic. Moksha is more than liberation from life-rebirth cycle of suffering (saṃsāra); Vedantic school separates this into two: jivanmukti (liberation in this life) and videhamukti (liberation after death). [209][note 21] The multitude of Devas are considered as manifestations of Brahman. Hinduism, to them, is a tradition that can be traced at least to the ancient Vedic era. Shaivism is related to Shaktism, wherein Shakti is seen as spouse of Shiva. "[7], According to Alexis Sanderson, the early Sanskrit texts differentiate between Vaidika, Vaishnava, Shaiva, Shakta, Saura, Buddhist and Jaina traditions. [221][222] Other schools disagreed with Nyaya scholars. [22], Hinduism is the world's third largest religion, There are approximately 1.15 billion Hindus which are 15-16% of the global population. The Hindutva movement has extensively argued for the unity of Hinduism, dismissing the differences and regarding India as a Hindu-country since ancient times. Brahmacharya represents the bachelor student stage of life. [49] Hindu Dharma includes the religious duties, moral rights and duties of each individual, as well as behaviors that enable social order, right conduct, and those that are virtuous. Hinduism as it is commonly known can be subdivided into a number of major currents. Manche Hindus und im Hinduismus spielt In der Askese-Kultur Ostasiens Riten sind so vielfältig Judentum; 1.7 Fazit und Id al-Fitr zum jemanden zu erbitten oder am Morgen um 6 auch von Hindus im bzw. Balinese Hinduism (Indonesian: Agama Hindu Dharma; Agama Tirtha; Agama Air Suci; Agama Hindu Bali) is the form of Hinduism practiced by the majority of the population of Bali. [418] While these stages are typically sequential, any person can enter Sannyasa (ascetic) stage and become an Ascetic at any time after the Brahmacharya stage. [232] The goddess is viewed as the heart of the most esoteric Saiva traditions. 1/2 (Apr. Hinduismus (lǣden word, ēac Hindwadōm gehāten) biþ gelēaf on þǣm Indiscan Healfworulddǣle.Hinduismus wierþþ oft of his gelēafendum swā Sanātana Dharma, Sanskritisc word mid mǣnunge: "ǣwig wit þe ūs underhieldeþ and overendod hieldeþ". These actions may be in a person's current life, or, in some schools of Hinduism, actions in their past lives. The cow in Hindu society is traditionally identified as a caretaker and a maternal figure,[389] and Hindu society honours the cow as a symbol of unselfish giving. A Arya Samaj‎ (2 pp.) The bhiksu is advised to not bother about the caste of the family from which he begs his food. [82] To many, it is as much a cultural term. [95] It has developed partly due to "re-enculturation",[96] or the Pizza effect,[96] in which elements of Hindu culture have been exported to the West, gaining popularity there, and as a consequence also gained greater popularity in India. [274][146] Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan states that the Upanishads have played a dominating role ever since their appearance. secare) je izdvojena ili zatvorena grupa ljudi koja čvrsto sledi svoja načela. [102][103] The Smarta tradition is very much same as Advaita Vedanta, and consider Adi Shankara as its founder or reformer, who considered worship of God-with-attributes (saguna Brahman) as a journey towards ultimately realizing God-without-attributes (nirguna Brahman, Atman, Self-knowledge).[104][105]. Shaivism is related to Shaktism, wherein Shakti is seen as wife of Shiva. Dabei ist das Mittel für seine gering existierenden Nebenwirkungen und sein gutes Verhältnis von Kosten und Kundenzufriedenheit überall bekannt. The word Hindu is an exonym, and while Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world, many practitioners refer to their religion as Sanātana Dharma (Sanskrit: सनातन धर्म: "the Eternal Way"), which refers to the idea that its origins lie beyond human history, as revealed in the Hindu texts. [371] Texts dedicated to yoga include the Yoga Sutras, the Hatha Yoga Pradipika, the Bhagavad Gita and, as their philosophical and historical basis, the Upanishads. Dharma (sk dharma; pi dhamma) ist ein zentraler begriff aller indischen religionen (hinduismus, buddhismus jainismus und sikhismus), der religionsabhängig. "This sense of greater unity", states Sanderson, "came to be called Hinduism". [107], Part of the problem with a single definition of the term Hinduism is the fact that Hinduism does not have a founder. 100.000 Anhänger der Glaubensgemeinschaft. [327][330] The same festival sometimes marks different stories depending on the Hindu denomination, and the celebrations incorporate regional themes, traditional agriculture, local arts, family get togethers, Puja rituals and feasts.[326][331]. [194] The goal of life, according to the Advaita school, is to realise that one's soul is identical to supreme soul, that the supreme soul is present in everything and everyone, all life is interconnected and there is oneness in all life. Hinduism is the religion of the majority of people in India and Nepal. Agama Hindu Bali in the Making – Hinduism in Bali, Indonesia, Hinduism as a Religion, by Swami Vivekananda, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hinduism&oldid=997456085, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2020, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with dead external links from December 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. It is a way of life and nothing more". The first period is the pre-Vedic period, which includes the Indus Valley Civilization and local pre-historic religions, ending at about 1750 BCE. De Hinduismus isch extrem unainhaitlich und goot vo polytheistische Idolvereerig bis zu monotheistische Philosophii. Authority "was mediated through [...] an intellectual culture that tended to develop ideas collaboratively, and according to the shared logic of natural reason. There are many Hindu Festivals celebrated throughout the world but mainly in India and Nepal. [98], Shaktism focuses on goddess worship of Shakti or Devi as cosmic mother,[95] and it is mainly worshipped in northeastern and eastern states of India such as Assam and Bengal. R Prasad (2009), A Historical-developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals, Concept Publishing. Thus, while most Hindus do not worship the cow, and rules against eating beef arose long after the Vedas had been written, it still has an honored place in Hindu society. An dëser Kategorie fannt dir all Artikel zum Theema Hinduismus deen et op der Lëtzebuerger Wikipedia ze liese gëtt.. Ënnerkategorien. [170][168][171][169] According to Deutsch, moksha is transcendental consciousness to the latter, the perfect state of being, of self-realization, of freedom and of "realizing the whole universe as the Self". El hinduismo es una religión ampliamente practicada en el Sur de Asia.Los hinduistas creen que la suya es la religión más antigua del mundo, y se refieren a ella como «sanatana dharma» (‘religión eterna’). [37] Hinduism is the most widely professed faith in India, Nepal and Mauritius. [web 17][316] While the choice of the deity is at the discretion of the Hindu, the most observed traditions of Hindu devotion include Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Shaktism. The '-ism' was added to Hindu in around 1830 to denote the culture and religion of the high-caste Brahmans in contrast to other religions, and the term was soon appropriated by Indians themselves in the context of building a national identity opposed to colonialism, though the term 'Hindu' was used in Sanskrit and Bengali hagiographic texts in contrast to 'Yavana' or Muslim as early as the sixteenth century". Hinduismus, sive religio Hinduica, est vernacula praepollensque religio vel memoria religiosa Asiae Meridianae.Hinduismus a suis fautoribus saepe appellatur Sanātana Dharma (Sanscritice: सनातन धर्म 'lex aeterna') vel Hindū Dharma (हिन्दू धर्म). [95] It emphasizes universal spiritual values such as social justice, peace and "the spiritual transformation of humanity". [32] This Hindu synthesis emerged after the Vedic period, between c. 500[33]–200[34] BCE and c. 300 CE,[33] in the period of the Second Urbanisation and the early classical period of Hinduism, when the Epics and the first Puranas were composed. [193] According to the monistic/pantheistic (non-dualist) theologies of Hinduism (such as Advaita Vedanta school), this Atman is indistinct from Brahman, the supreme spirit. [20][21][22], While the Puranic chronology presents a geneaology of thousands of years, starting with the Vedic rishis, scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion[note 5] or synthesis[23][note 6] of Brahmanical orthopraxy[note 7] with various Indian cultures,[24][25] having diverse roots[26][note 8] and no specific founder. Practice of one yoga does not exclude others. [307][308] Hindu temples and domestic altars, are important elements of worship in contemporary theistic Hinduism. [248] Shaivism has been more commonly practiced in the Himalayan north from Kashmir to Nepal, and in south India. n. l., kdy v úrodném údolí řeky Indu vzkvétaly na tehdejší dobu značně vyspělé civilizace ( … [97] Shaivas visualize god as half male, half female, as a combination of the male and female principles (Ardhanarishvara). It also exists among significant populations outside of the sub continent and has over 900 million adherents worldwide. There are substantial differences in architecture, customs, rituals and traditions in temples in different parts of India. (Mbh 12.110.11). [118] In the post-Gupta period Vedanta developed in southern India, where orthodox Brahmanic culture and the Hindu culture were preserved,[119] building on ancient Vedic traditions while "accommoda[ting] the multiple demands of Hinduism. [233], Authority and eternal truths play an important role in Hinduism. [273][277] A. Ursprong. There are several views on the earliest mention of 'Hindu' in the context of religion: Sweetman identifies several areas in which "there is substantial, if not universal, an agreement that colonialism influenced the study of Hinduism, even if the degree of this influence is debated": Many scholars have presented pre-colonial common denominators and asserted the importance of ancient Hindu textual sources in medieval and pre-colonial times: Among some regional Hindus, such as Rajputs, these are called, Rigveda is not only the oldest among the vedas, but is one of the earliest, वेदः स्मृतिः सदाचारः स्वस्य च प्रियमात्मनः । एतच्चतुर्विधं प्राहुः साक्षाद्धर्मस्य लक्षणम् ॥, Venkataraman and Deshpande: "Caste-based discrimination does exist in many parts of India today.... Caste-based discrimination fundamentally contradicts the essential teaching of Hindu sacred texts that divinity is inherent in all beings. The controversy started as an intense polemic battle between Christian missionaries and Muslim organizations in the first half of the 19th century, where missionaries such as. 1 (Apr., 1964), pp. Devotional songs called bhajans (written primarily from the 14th-17th centuries), kirtan (praise), and arti (a filtered down form of Vedic fire ritual) are sometimes sung in conjunction with performance of puja. [web 15], The words of the mantras are "themselves sacred,"[291] and "do not constitute linguistic utterances. Hinduism is an Indian religion and dharma, or way of life. The period from roughly 650 to 1100 CE forms the late Classical period[12] or early Middle Ages, in which classical Puranic Hinduism is established, and Adi Shankara's influential consolidation of Advaita Vedanta. A Arya Samaj‎ (2 pp.) [66] Karma theory means ''Whatever experience currently a man have is due to his/her past work''. Hinduism as a religion started to develop between 500 BCE and 300 CE,[10] after the Vedic period (1500 BCE to 500 BCE). Samkhya,[223] Mimamsa[224] and Carvaka schools of Hinduism, were non-theist/atheist, arguing that "God was an unnecessary metaphysical assumption". [211], The word avatar does not appear in the Vedic literature,[212] but appears in verb forms in post-Vedic literature, and as a noun particularly in the Puranic literature after the 6th century CE. Deva (/ ˈ d eɪ v ə /; Sanskrit: देव, Deva) means "heavenly, divine, anything of excellence", and is also one of the terms for a deity in Hinduism. 940 Mio Anhängers de drittgröttste Religion op de Welt. [443][454][456], The appropriateness of conversion from major religions to Hinduism, and vice versa, has been and remains an actively debated topic in India,[457][458][459] and in Indonesia. The Nasadiya Sukta (Creation Hymn) of the Rig Veda is one of the earliest texts[188] which "demonstrates a sense of metaphysical speculation" about what created the universe, the concept of god(s) and The One, and whether even The One knows how the universe came into being. [55], Hinduism includes a diversity of ideas on spirituality and traditions, but has no ecclesiastical order, no unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, no prophet(s) nor any binding holy book; Hindus can choose to be polytheistic, pantheistic, panentheistic, pandeistic, henotheistic, monotheistic, monistic, agnostic, atheistic or humanist. [note 20] The devas are an integral part of Hindu culture and are depicted in art, architecture and through icons, and stories about them are related in the scriptures, particularly in Indian epic poetry and the Puranas. De Shakti-Vaeahra kenan aa a Trimurti vo Geddina, de Tridevi. It symbolizes Brahman, and is often the opening word in many prayers. Sie sind das, was wir als hinduistische „Götter“ kennen. [62] This approach had a great appeal, not only in India, but also in the west. [19] Hinduism prescribes the eternal duties, such as honesty, non-violence (ahimsa), patience, self-restraint, and compassion, among others. [web 22][web 23] Other styles include cave, forest and mountain temples. Der Hinduismus ist eine Religion aus Asien.Genauer gesagt sind es eigentlich mehrere Religionen der Hindus. They are symbols of the greater principle, representing and are never presumed to be the concept or entity itself. A release from this eschatological cycle, in after life, particularly in theistic schools of Hinduism is called moksha. n.l.. Rozšířen hlavně v Indii (80% obyvatelstva tj. "[125] The tendency of "a blurring of philosophical distinctions" has also been noted by Burley. In the earliest Vedic literature, all supernatural beings are called Devas and Asuras. Hindu modernists like Vivekananda see the Vedas as the laws of the spiritual world, which would still exist even if they were not revealed to the sages. 1/2 (Apr. [378][379], Hindus advocate the practice of ahiṃsā (nonviolence) and respect for all life because divinity is believed to permeate all beings, including plants and non-human animals. They are not mandatory in Hinduism. [113], The notion and reports on "Hinduism" as a "single world religious tradition"[133] was also popularised by 19th-century proselytizing missionaries and European Indologists, roles sometimes served by the same person, who relied on texts preserved by Brahmins (priests) for their information of Indian religions, and animist observations that the missionary Orientalists presumed was Hinduism. [359][360] The proper procedure for a pilgrimage is widely discussed in Hindu texts. [300] In contemporary times, there is regional variation among Hindus as to which of these sanskaras are observed; in some cases, additional regional rites of passage such as Śrāddha (ritual of feeding people after cremation) are practiced. [364] The Manusmṛiti categorises the different castes. [33][34] It flourished in the medieval period, with the decline of Buddhism in India. It encompasses a rich variety of traditions that share common themes but do not constitute a unified set of beliefs or practices. R.C. [61][62] Since the 1990s, those influences and its outcomes have been the topic of debate among scholars of Hinduism,[61][note 12] and have also been taken over by critics of the Western view on India. [web 5] Some in the Mimamsa school of Hindu philosophy considered the Agamas such as the Pancaratrika to be invalid because it did not conform to the Vedas.